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"Ancient planter" was a term applied to colonists who migrated to the Colony of Virginia "before the coming away of Sir Thomas Dale" (1616) and who remained in the colony for at least three years. Under the terms of the "Instructions to Governor Yeardley" (issued by the London Company in 1618), these colonists received the first land grants in Virginia.〔"Instructions to George Yeardley, November 18, 1618" http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj8&fileName=mtj8pagevc03.db&recNum=121.gif〕〔"Instructions to Governor Yeardley, 1618" The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography for the Year Ending JUNE, 1895, Volume II, pp. 154-165 (The Virginia Historical Society, 1895)]〕 These land grants constituted a dividend paid out by the Virginia Company of London, which was constituted as a joint stock company. Under the terms of the Second Charter, issued in 1609, the Company offered shares for twelve pounds ten shillings per share, to be invested and reinvested for seven years. Those who ventured to Virginia in person, investing their time and risking their lives, would each be counted as holding one share.〔Craven, Wesley Frank, ''The Virginia Company of London, 1606-1624, pp.19-20〕〔Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale University: ''The Second Charter of Virginia; May 23, 1609'', http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/va02.asp#1, 2008.〕 In 1616, at the end of the administration of Sir Thomas Dale, the first dividend became due and payable to all who had invested, whether by the purchase of shares or by "personal adventure". However, since the colony had not prospered, there was no money to divide. Instead, the Company offered grants of land. Colonists who had paid their own passage to Virginia received a "first dividend" of , free of quit-rent, for their "personal adventure", and an additional hundred acres for each share they owned in the London Company: Those who had been brought at the Company's expense also received 100 acres for their "personal adventure", but in their case the land was subject to an annual rent of one shilling per 50 acres: Colonists who arrived after the departure of Sir Thomas Dale were entitled to a lesser grant of 50 acres. The London Company reasoned that "''... by the singular Industry and virtue of the said Sir Thomas Dale the former Difficulties and Dangers were in greatest part overcome to the great ease and security of such as have been since that time transported thither''",.〔 In other words, those who had come earlier received twice as much land, supposedly in recognition of the greater risks and hardships they had endured. Of course, reducing the size of the grant to 50 acres also saved the hard-pressed Company a great deal of money, and the later colonists can scarcely be said to have experienced the "great ease and security" mentioned by the Company; the death rate continued extremely high.〔Morgan, Edmund S., ''American Slavery, American Freedom''. Morgan states: "One reason why the King dissolved the Virginia Company (1624 ) was that it seemed to have sent so many men to their deaths without taking adequate measures to feed and shelter them."〕 The phrase "Ancient Planter" was not an honorific; it was simply a descriptive term, as used in the "Instructions", for a planter of long standing.〔''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd Edition, p.64:"Ancient", (2) of early origin; going far back.〕 According to a letter from John Rolfe dated January 1619/20 "All the Ancient Planters being sett free have chosen places for their dividends according to the Comyssion. Which giveth all greate content, for now knowing their owne landes, they strive and are prepared to build houses & to clear their groundes ready to plant, which giveth great encouragement and the greatest hope to make the Colony florrish that ever yet happened to them."〔''Records of the Virginia Company of London'', ed. Susan Myra Kingsbury, III, 245〕 ==List of ancient planters?== Because the surviving historical records are incomplete, and sometimes demonstrably inaccurate,〔See for example "Early Passengers to Virginia: When Did They Really Arrive?", by Avery E. Kolb, ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'', Vol. 88, No. 4, pp401-414〕 it is not possible to compile a definitive list of Ancient Planters. The database of Colonial Land Office Patents at the Library of Virginia is the principal source of information as to the identities of those who received grants as Ancient Planters. Though the record does not begin until 1623, when administration of the colony was taken over by the Crown, many of the subsequent patents identify "ancient planters", or provide information which shows that a tract of land must have been originally granted under the terms applying to Ancient Planters. Additional information comes from the (1624/5 Muster ), a census ordered as part of the handover of the colony from the Virginia Company to the Crown. For some of the colonists, the census includes information on the year and ship of arrival. Unfortunately, in many cases this valuable information is missing. Also as part of the transition to Crown Colony status, a list of grants was compiled in 1625 and sent back to London.〔"Extracts of all the Titles and Estates of Land, sent home by Sir Francis Wyatt, May, 1625", ''ibid.'', 551〕 This list does not identify the Ancient Planters as such, but in some cases knowledge of the grant combined with information from other sources (e.g., knowledge of the date of arrival) is enough to show that the planter in question must have received the grant as an Ancient Planter. The list of names below is based on information displayed on the website of the (Order of Descendants of Ancient Planters ), a lineage society. *Giles Allington *William Andrews *William Askew *Henry Bagwell *Thomas Bagwell *William Baker *John Barnum *William Bayley *Thomas Baywell *Mary Beheathland *Robert Beheathland *Theophilus Beriston *Richard Biggs *Richard Birchett *John Blore (Blower) *Reynold Booth *Mary Bouldin(g) *Thomas Bouldinge *William Bouldin *Richard Boulton *John Boxe *Cheney Boyse *Richard Brewster *John Brewer *Rev. Richard Buck *William Burditt *John Burrows *William Capps *Thomas Carter *Nathaniel Cawsey *Thomasine Cawsey *Isack Chaplaine *Frances Chapman *William Claiborne *John Chandler *Edward Clarke *Pettiplace Clause *Ann Clay(e) *John Clay(e) *Joseph Cobb *Francis Cole *Susan Collins *Henry Coltman *William Coxe *Captain Raleigh Croshaw *Capt. James Davis (mariner) *Rachel Davis *Henry Dawkes *Adam Dixon *John Dods *John Downeman *Thomas Dowse *Elizabeth Dunthorne *Clement Evand *Margery Fairfax *William Fairefax *Thomas Farmer *Cicely Jordan Farrar *Robert Fisher *Mary Beheathland Flinton *Joanne Flinton *John Flood *William Gany *Thomas Garnett *Sir Thomas Gates *Thomas Godby *Thomas Graves *Thomas Gray *Robert Greenleaf *Susan Greenleaf *Edward Grendon *John Gundry *Mary Gundry *Edward Gurgany *Adria Harris *Thomas Harris *John Hatton *Walter Heyley *Nicholas Hodgskines *Bartholomew Hospkins *Oliver Jenkines *John Johnson *Elizabeth Joones *Samuel Jordan *William Julian *Martha Key(Keie) *Thomas Key(Keie) *Richard Kingsmill *Thomas Lane *William Lansden *Anne Burras Laydon *John Laydon *John Lightfoote *Albino Lupo *Elizabeth Lupo *Francis Mason *Cornelius Maye *William Morgan *Susan Old *Isabella Pace *Richard Pace *William Parker *Robert Partin *Francis Paul *William Perry *William Pierce *Abraham Piersey *John Poole *Robert Poole, Sr. *Robert Poole, Jr. *John Powell *William Powell *John Price *Miles Prickett *John Proctor *John Rolfe *Christopher Safford *Robert Salford *Joane Salford *Thomas Savage *Samuel Sharpe *William Sharpe *John Sleight *John Smith *William Sparkes *William Spencer *Thomas Spilman *Thomas Stepney *Thomas Sully *Robert Sweet *John Taylor *Richard Taylor *Thomas Thornbury *Henry Tucker *William Tucker *Henry Turner *Thomas Turner *John Ward *Edward Waters *William Waters *Ameyle Wayne(Waine) *Francis West *Temperance Flowerdew Yardley West *Henry Williams *Thomas Willoughby *John Woodliffe *Robert Wright *Sir George Yeardley *Richard Yonge 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ancient planter」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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